Phase ii of metabolism may or may not be preceded by phase i reactions. Prebiotics and probiotics the next issue of biofiles will explore the functionality of prebiotics and. Metabolism or biotransformation the conversion from one chemical form of a substance to another. The reactions are catalysed by enzymes and happen mostly in. The enzymes of phase i metabolism, most notably the cytochrome p450 enzymes, only slightly increase water solubility of the drug molecule and does not always increase it enough to facilitate elimination. Ugt enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of many xenobiotics e. Homework 1 drug metabolism 20 university of washington. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism from the greek xenos stranger and biotic related to living beings is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organisms normal biochemistry, such as any drug. Product areas highlighted include our portfolio of reagents for drug transport, phase i metabolism, and drug conjugate analysis. Pdf phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism and bile acid. Results show that skin explants have significant capacity.
Snacks are an important part of fast metabolism diet, but phase 2 snacks were incredibly difficult to find. The taco tuesday are never going to be the same with these recipe. Drug metabolism is the chemical alteration of a drug by the body. View the rest of my pharmacology videos in order below. Metabolism is an essential pharmacokinetic process, which renders lipid soluble and nonpolar compounds to water soluble and. This proofofconcept study investigated phase ii biotransformation of 11 test substrates in fresh fullthickness human skin explants, a model containing all skin cell types. The products of these chemical reactions are called metabolites. These reactions include hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation. Metabolism is an essential pharmacokinetic process, which renders lipid soluble and nonpolar compounds to water soluble and polar compounds so that. Dissecting the reaction of phase ii metabolites of. Concluding, culturing heparg cells in the amcbal yields substantial phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism, while maintaining high viability, rendering dmso addition superfluous for the promotion of drug metabolism. In the intestine for example, several drug metabolising enzymes are presumed to decrease the bioavailability of orally administered drugs or to activate environmental carcinogens. Pdf on feb 1, 2005, p david josephy and others published phase i and phase ii drug metabolism. The terms in the table below are a collection of items from the lectures that you should be able to define and relate in a sentence or two to drug metabolism as set out in the notes.
Types of phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism associated enzymes and cofactors learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Phase ii metabolism conjugation of drugs and other xenobiotics with a range of different molecules including glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acids, acetyl groups, methyl groups and glutathione properties of the enzyme families catalyzing these conjugation reactions. Phase i reactions phase i reactions also termed nonsynthetic reactions may occur by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, cyclization, and decyclization addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen, carried out by mixed function oxidases, often in the liver. Phase ii enzymes undoubtedly play an important role in the detoxification of various xenobiotics. A day in phase 2 we are now preparing your phase 2 menu. During these days, you are not allowed to have any fruit, grains of any kind, and no added fat such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. Metabolism definition of metabolism by medical dictionary.
I grabbed a notepad and started taking notes, which developed into the cheat sheets im sharing with you all today. With respect to metabolism of xenobiotics, it is not just metabolism to electrophilic species or socalled phase i metabolism resulting in toxicity, but also detoxification genes or socalled phase ii metabolism that can be expected to yield important modulating polymorphisms. The medicine must remain active in the body only for a certain period of time. Phase i and phase ii reactions of drug authorstream. Choose from 500 different sets of 1 phase 2 metabolism flashcards on quizlet. If it stays longer then it can start acting in other unnecessary places in the body giving rise to. Phase i reactions involve hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation, exposing or introducing a functional group oh, nh 2, sh or cooh to slightly increase hydrophilicity. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion adme. The buildingup aspects of metabolism are known as anabolic and the breakingdown as catabolic.
Metabolism simply means conversion of a compound drug from one form into another by enzymes in the body. Phase ii drug metabolizing enzymes play an important role in biotransformation of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics to more easily excretable forms as well as in the metabolic inactivation of pharmacologically active compounds. An important point to note is that some drugs dont undergo phase i metabolic reaction but instead are directly deactivated by phase ii reactions. Technology phase i and phase ii reactions of drug metabolism. The metabolites of phase i metabolic reactions can either be directly excreted in the urine or undergo further metabolic reactions. Reduced metabolising capacity of phase ii enzymes can lead to toxic effects of clinically used drugs. Fast metabolism diet phase 2 what i eat in a day glamorable. Often these reactions involve the introduction of polar functional groups such as oh to drug molecules to make them more hydrophilic. If you are searching for recipes you can eat in this part of the fast metabolism diet, here is a dish perfect for your lunch. Food items optimally matched to an individual person to harmonize the metabolism and to.
Phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism and bile acid production of heparg cells in a bioartificial liver in absence of dimethyl sulfoxide. The enzymecatalyzed reactions of phase i metabolism bind oxygen, hydrogen, water, or amino acids to the lipophilic drug molecule to expose or introduce a hydroxyl oh, amino nh 2, sulfhydryl sh, or carboxyl cooh polar functional group, and thus, result in a modest increase in the parent drugs water solubility. In phase 1, we were targeting your adrenals with carbohydraterich foods, and fruits high in natural sugar. Cellular metabolism part 2 energy as it relates to biology enzymes metabolism catabolism atp production glycolysis and the tca cycle anabolism synthetic pathways protein synthesis developed by john gallagher, ms, dvm. Metabolites formed in phase 2 are unlikely to be pharmacologically active. K arthik kumar, 09bu1r0010, mlr institute of pharmacy.
The phase 2 of the fast metabolism diet, which is also called the protein phase, is on wednesday and thursday. Concepts and theoretical calculations of oral bioavailability bioavailability f is the extent to which an active moiety is absorbed from a pharmaceutical. Jan 09, 2015 when did my first read through of diane kresss metabolism miracle, i found it hard to keep all the details on the dos and donts of step 1 straight. Although skin is the largest organ of the human body, cutaneous drug metabolism is often overlooked, and existing experimental models are insufficiently validated. Essentially these processes are concerned with the. Nst110, toxicology department of nutritional sciences and toxicology university of california, berkeley.
In phase 2, we cut those out completely and focus on lean proteins and alkalizing vegetables that will build muscle and stimulate your liver. Top fast metabolism diet phase 2 recipes and other great tasting recipes with a healthy slant from sparkrecipes. Phase 2 fast metabolism dietthis one is a real winner a baked egg casserole that goes together fast. Oct 23, 20 reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis, conjugation, glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfaction, mnemonics. Petra jancovaa, pavel anzenbacherb eva anzenbacherova. Learn 1 phase 2 metabolism with free interactive flashcards. Phase 1 andor phase 2 some drugs undergo either phase 1 or phase 2 metabolism, but most undergo phase 1. The cytochrome p450 enzyme system is particularly important because many different drugs also can induce or inhibit these enzymes, resulting in changing. Phase i reactions include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis that are catalyzed by several enzymes including cytochrome p450. Phase i biotransformation reactions introduce or expose functional groups on the drug with the goal of increasing the polarity of the compound.
If it stays longer then it can start acting in other unnecessary places in the body giving rise to what we commonly refer to as sideeffects. Toss it in the oven on the morning of your first phase 2 day on the fast metabolism diet. Phase i biotransformations include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions. Although phase i drug metabolism occurs in most tissues, the primary and first pass site of metabolism occurs during hepatic circulation. Topics on drug metabolism 2 bioavailability humans. This is called conjugation and the product is called a conjugate.
The term metabolism is commonly used probably because products of drug transformation are called metabolites. Caira university of cape town, south africa edited by drug metabolism current concepts corina ionescu i. Therefore, amcbal culturing makes the heparg cells more suitable for testing metabolism and toxicity of drugs. Benzodiazepines are one of the most commonly prescribed medications to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other conditions in the united states. Drug metabolism is an immense area of study where drugs undergo a range of enzymemediated chemical reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration, conjugation, and migration.
Drug metabolism part1 objectives to understand the following basic principles with regard to drug metabolism. You could do it the easy way and eat half a chicken breast, or boil a dozen of eggs in advance, then peel them and remove the yolks, and eat the whites as a snack with a dash of salt. Drug metabolism is an immense area of study where drugs undergo a range of enzymemediated chemical reactions, such as oxidation. Jianda lu, jun xue, in critical care nephrology third edition, 2019. Phase i reactions convert the parent drug into more polar metabolites through introduction or exposing oh, sh, or nh2 functional groups. This issue of biofiles features selected products from sigmaaldrich s drug metabolism platform. Lean proteins provide the ingredients for creating amino acids in the body. In this phase an existing functional group already presents in the drug molecule or created by phase i metabolism such as alcohol, phenol, amine is masked or inactivated by a process of. However, they do destabilize and unmask or expose a functional group. When did my first read through of diane kresss metabolism miracle, i found it hard to keep all the details on the dos and donts of step 1 straight. Phase 2 of the fast metabolism diet is powerful stuff. Drug metabolism can be divided into the phase i reactions functionalisation and the phase ii reactions conjugation. The proteins and vegetables included on the fast metabolism diet phase 2 food list are there for a good reason.
Phase i metabolism definition of phase i metabolism by. See more ideas about fast metabolism diet, fast metabolism and diet recipes. Enjoy the fatblasting baked egg casserole recipe to target and unlock fatstorage in your body. Jun, 2017 fast metabolism diet phase 2 what i eat in a day not a sponsored post. The liver is the principal, but not the sole, site of most drug metabolism in the body. In humans, approximately 4070% of all clinical drugs are subjected to glucuronidation reactions metabolized by ugts 3. Look at the example of a conjugation reaction in the phase 2 metabolism of aspirin. Introduction to phase i and ii metabolisms phase i. Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. Phase i and phase ii biotransformation reactions catalyzed by xenobiotic biotransforming enzymes are generally divided into two groups. The duration and intensity of drug action depend not only on the dose of the drug but also on the rates at which drugs are transformed to products that can be excreted readily by the kidney.
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